How Do You Know That Lin Is a Byakko

Jp. = Shishin 四神; Chn. = Sì Shòu 四獸 Four Guardians of the Four Compass Directions Celestial Emblems of the Chinese Emperor Shishin 四神. Also read Shijin. Besides known in Nippon as the Shijū 四獣, Shishō 四象, or Shirei 四霊. Origin = Cathay Click images to jump to specific creatures. Tortoise (Black Warrior) = Due north, Winter, Black, H2o White Tiger (Kirin) = West, Autumn, White, Metal Red Bird (Phoenix) = South, Summer, Red, Fire Dragon = E, Spring, Bluish/Greenish, Wood Each is associated with seven constellations. See 28 Constellations. In Japan, the iv creatures take been supplanted past the SHITENNŌ Lit. = Four Heavenly Kings (of Buddhism) 4 Guardians of the Iv Compass Directions. Associated closely with Communist china's Five Element Theory. HISTORICAL NOTES At the heart of Chinese mythology are four spiritual creatures (Sì Shòu 四獸) -- 4 celestial emblems -- each guarding a direction on the compass. In China, the 4 date back to at least the 2nd century BC. Each creature has a corresponding flavor, color, element, virtue, and other traits. Further, each corresponds to a quadrant in the sky, with each quadrant containing seven seishuku, or star constellations (also called the 28 lunar mansions or lodges; for charts, see this outside site). Each of the four groups of vii is associated with ane of the four celestial creatures. There was a 5th direction -- the center, representing China itself -- which carried its own seishuku. In Japan, the symbolism of the four creatures appears to accept merged with and been supplanted by the Shitennō (Iv Heavenly Kings). The latter four are the Buddhist guardians of the four directions who serve Lord Taishakuten (who represents the center), and are closely associated with Prc's Theory of Five Elements. In whatever case, the four animals are much more prevalent in artwork in China than in Japan, although in Japan one can still find groupings of the iv creatures. The iv were probably introduced to Japan from China sometime in the 7th century Advertizing, for their images are found on the tomb walls at Takamatsuzuka 高松塚 in Nara, which was congenital sometime in the Asuka menstruation (600 - 710 Ad). They are as well found on the base of the Yakushi Triad 薬師三尊像 at Yakushi-ji Temple 薬師寺, too in Nara. SHISHIN 四神. Below Text Courtesy JAANUS Aboriginal Chinese mythical animals associated with the iv cardinal directions: green/blue dragon (Chn: Qinglong 青龍, Jp: Seiryuu) of the east; white tiger (Chn: Baihu 白虎, Jp: Byakko) of the w; red phoenix (Ch: Zhuque 朱雀, Jp: Suzaku) of the south; and blackness warrior (Chn: Xuan Wu 玄武, Jp: Genbu) of the north, a tortoise-like bubble with the head and tail of a serpent. The pictorial theme developed around the Warring States to Early on Han flow in China. Frequently painted on the walls of early Chinese and Korean tombs, the animals served primarily an apotropaic function warding off evil spirits. In Nippon notable examples of the shishin are found on the walls of the tomb chamber in the tumulus Takamatsuzuka 高松塚 of the Asuka period, and on the base of the Yakushi Triad, Yakushi Sansonzō 薬師三尊像 at Yakushiji Temple 薬師寺, both in Nara. Exerpt from "Chinese Mythology: An Encyclopedia of Myth and Fable" past Derek Walters. ISBN: 1855380803 Writes Walters: "The four directions, eastward, south, w and northward, stand for the four seasons, Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter. Together with the Center, which in Chinese is synonymous with China itself, they course the five fundamental points. The 4 Directions have been represented at least since the second century BC by four celestial animals, the Dragon for the Eastward, the Bird for the South, the Tiger for the W, and the Tortoise for the North. Each animal has its ain color: the Dragon is the Green of Spring, the Bird the ruddy of Burn, the Tiger of Autumn the glittering white of metal (of ploughshares or swords), and the Tortoise Black, for night, or h2o. The four angelic animals, which have no connection with the twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac, are also the names of the iv divisions of the sky [note...each with vii constellations, encounter 28 Constellations]. The Dragon'due south Center, the Pleiades, and the Bird Star are the names of three of the lunar mansions which marked the central position of the Dragon, Tiger and Bird. As there was no identifying star at the centre of the Blackness Tortoise, the appropriate place (the eleventh mansion) was called Void." Phoenix vs. Ruby Bird, Ch'i-lin (Kirin) vs. White Tiger. Why the Defoliation ? In the same book, Walters explains: "Nonetheless, it seems that before the adoption of the Four Celestial Emblems, there were but three -- the Feng Bird (or Phoenix), the Dragon, and the Ch'i-lin (or unicorn). Bronze mirrors unremarkably portray cosmological patterns and symbolism on the back. Those of the Tang period (618 - 906 Advertizing) show all twelve, or sometimes the 28 or fifty-fifty 36 animals of the Chinese Zodiac, and those of an before menses depict the 4 celestial emblems referred to above. But the very earliest mirrors show merely the 3: the Ch'i-lin, the Feng-huang, and the Dragon. Because of the astronomical significance, the White Tiger replaced the Ch'i-lin, and the Phoenix gave way to the Scarlet Bird, which is of uncertain identity. Thus the Tortoise was a later but not the last improver, for many mystical texts refer to the northern constellation not as the tortoise, but as the Black Warrior."  < end quote from Derek Walters > Annotation: The Chinese Ch'i-lin is known in Japan every bit KIRIN. Many spider web sites replace the White Tiger with the mythological KIRIN in groupings of the 4 animals. Many spider web sites also list the Phoenix, not the Ruddy Bird, as the celestial keepsake of the south. This confusion is entirely forgivable, as the limerick of this group of 4 has inverse over the centuries to reflect ever-changing traditions. Attributes of the 4 China and Japan Myths and Legends by Donald A. Mackenzie; ISBN: 1851700161 Dragon. E, Spring, Woods, Planet Jupiter, liver & gall Red Bird (Phoenix). South, Summer, Fire, Planet Mars; heart and big intestines White Tiger. West, Autumn, Wind, Metal, Planet Venus, lungs and pocket-sized intestine Tortoise. North, Black, Winter, Cold, Water, Planet Mercury, kidneys and bladder EAST - THE DRAGON Jump to Main Dragon Page for More Details Dragon; Ryū (Ryu) 龍 or Seiryū (Seiryu) 青龍 in Japan, Qinglong in People's republic of china. A mythological animal of Chinese origin, and a member of the NAGA (Sanskrit) family unit of serpentine creatures who protect Buddhism. Nihon's dragon lore comes predominantly from China. Images of the reptilian dragon are found throughout Asia, and the pictorial form most widely recognized today was already prevalent in Chinese ink paintings in the Tang menstruation (9th century). The mortal enemy of the dragon is the bird-human Karura and the Phoenix. Please visit the principal DRAGON folio to learn much more than. The dragon corresponds to the flavor spring, the color green/blue, the chemical element wood, and the virtue propriety; supports and maintains the country (controls rain, symbol of the Emperor'southward power). Frequently paired with the Phoenix, for the two represent both disharmonize and wedded bliss. In both China and Japan, Dragon and Phoenix symbolism is associated closely with the majestic family -- the emperor (dragon) and the empress (phoenix). Represents the yang principle; often portrayed surrounded by h2o or clouds. In Chinese mythology, there are 5 types of dragon: (1) the celestial dragons who baby-sit the abodes of the gods; (ii) dragon spirits, who rule over wind and rain but can also cause flooding; (3) world dragons, who cleanse the rivers and deepen the oceans; (four) treasure-guarding dragons; and (5) purple dragons, those with five claws instead of the usual four. The dragon is a mythical creature resembling a ophidian -- reflecting its membership in the NAGA (Sanskrit) family unit of serpentine creatures. Information technology is also a fellow member of the Hachi Bushu (the viii protectors of Buddhism). Dragons are said to be shape shifters, and may presume homo form. In dissimilarity to Western mythology, dragons are rarely depicted as malevolent. Although fearsome and powerful, they are equally considered just, benevolent, and the bringers of wealth and good fortune. Click here for much more on the Asian dragon. Editor'south Notation. Despite the dragon'south shut clan with water and the watery realm, in the Shishin Grouping of Iv Celestial Emblems (this page), the dragon is associated with the element Woods. The turtle is associated with the chemical element Water. See Five Elements. The Dragon's seven constellations (seishuku 星宿; also read shōshuku or sukuyō 宿曜) are shown below. The Chinese term is Xīngsù 星宿 or Sù 宿, too written as Hsiu. Due south -- THE SUZAKU (aka THE PHOENIX) Red Bird, Big Bird, Suzaku, Phoenix Jump to Main Phoenix Page for More Details Chinese = Zhū Qiǎo 朱雀 or Zhū Niǎo 朱鳥 Korean = Chujak 주작 Japanese = Suzaku, Sujaku, Shujaku 朱雀 Japanese = Shuchō 朱鳥 or Suchō, Akamitori, Akamidori; aka the Vermillion Bird. Shuchō was too a Japanese era name for a few months betwixt 686 and 687 Advertisement. In Nippon, the term "Suzaku"  is translated as "Reddish Bird" or "Vermillion Chinese Phoenix." In both Nippon and China, the symbolism of the red bird seems virtually identical to or merged with that of the mythological Phoenix. At this site, I consider the Suzaku and the Phoenix to be the same magical fauna, although I am not certain if this is entirely true. Scholar Derek Walters (run into resources) says the Phoenix was supplanted (replaced) past the Red Bird, for the Red Bird more accurately reflected the astronomical iconography associated with the southern lunar mansions. Corresponds to summer, red, fire, and noesis; makes small seeds abound into behemothic trees (need to give source). Often paired with the dragon, for the 2 correspond both conflict and wedded bliss; dragon (emperor) and phoenix (empress). Portrayed with radiant feathers, and an enchanting vocal; only appears in times of good fortune. Within the ancient Imperial Palace in Japan, there was a gate known every bit Suzakumon 朱雀門 (Red Bird Gate). See JAANUS for a few more details on this gate. Suzaku's seven seishuku 星宿 (constellations) are: Chichiri Boshi (Chn. = Ching 井) Tamahome Boshi (Chn. = Kuei 鬼) Nuriko Boshi (Chn. = Liu 柳) Hotohori Boshi (Chn. = Hsing 星) Chiriko Boshi (Chn. = Chang 張) Tasuki Boshi (Chn. = Yi 翼) Mitsukake Boshi (Chn. = Chen 軫) * Acquire more about the Red Bird's seven constellations (this site). * See star charts for the Cerise Bird at this outside link. Westward - THE WHITE TIGER Jpn = Byakko 白虎, Chn = Baihu. Guards Buddha's teachings and mankind; observes world with clairvoyance; corresponds to the flavour fall, the color white, air current, the element metallic, and the virtue righteousness. Says Donald Mackenzie: "The White Tiger of the West, for case, is associated with metal. When, therefore, metal is placed in a grave, a ceremonial connectedness with the tiger god is effected. Co-ordinate to the Chinese Register of Wu and Yueh, three days after the burial of the male monarch, the essence of the element metal assumed the shape of a white tiger and crouched downwards on the top of the grave. Here the tiger is a protector - a preserver. Every bit nosotros have seen, white jade was used when the Tiger god of the Westward was worshipped; it is known equally 'tiger jade;' a tiger was depicted on the jade symbol. To the Chinese the tiger was the king of all animals and lord of the mountains, and the tiger-jade ornament was specially reserved for commanders of armies. The male person tiger was, among other things, the god of war, and in this capacity it not only assisted the armies of the emperors, but fought the demons that threatened the dead in their graves." <cease quote> The Tiger'south 7 seishuku 星宿 (constellations) are: Tokaki Boshi (Chn. = K'uei 奎) Tatara Boshi (Chn. = Lou 婁) Ekie Boshi (Chn. = Wei 胃) Subaru Boshi (Chn. = Mao 昴) Amefuri Boshi (Chn. = Pi 畢) Toroki Boshi (Chn. = Tsui 觜) Kagasuki Boshi (Chn. = Shen 參) * Acquire more about the Tiger's vii constellations. * See star charts for the White Tiger at this exterior site. PHOTO: From Research Study of Cultural Heritage in Asuka Village Vol. 3. A master center of power in Nippon in the 6th and seventh centuries, Asuka lies almost 12 miles s of Nara in the Kinki District; home to many ancient temples and tombs. The Takamatsu Zuka Tombs 高松塚 were discovered the early 1970s and appointment dorsum to Nihon'southward Asuka Menses (600 - 710 AD). TIGER CONFUSED WITH KIRIN 麒麟 In Nihon, the tiger is sometimes dislocated with the mythological Chinese Ch'i-lin (Qilin), which is rendered Kirin 麒麟 in Japan. Scholar Derek Walters says the Ch'i-lin was supplanted (replaced) past the White Tiger, for the Tiger more accurately reflected the astronomical iconography associated with the western lunar mansions. KIRIN IN JAPAN The Kirin, which often appears tiger-like in artwork (come across photos beneath), is a different animate being entirely from the White Tiger. The Kirin is said to take the torso of a deer, the tail of an ox, the hooves of a horse, a body covered with the scales of a fish, and a single horn. The Kirin appears only earlier the birth or death of a great and wise person. Said to live in paradise, the Kirin personifies all that is skilful, pure, and peaceful; can live to exist 1,000 years former. Below text courtesy of thefreedictionary.com A mythical horned Chinese deer-similar creature said to announced simply when a sage has appeared. It is a good omen associated with serenity and prosperity. Often depicted with what looks similar fire all over its trunk. In most drawings, its head looks like that of a Chinese dragon (meet dragon above). Japanese art typically depicts the Kirin as more than deer-similar than its Chinese counterpart. Kirin is sometimes translated in English as "unicorn," because it looks similar to the unicorn -- the later a hoofed mythological equus caballus-like animal with a single horn on its head. Some accounts describe it every bit having the body of a deer and the head of a panthera leo. <end quote> Below: Images of the Kirin NORTH - The Tortoise / Turtle / Snake Genbu 玄武 in Japanese; in Chinese Gui Xian, Kuei Hsien, Zuan Wu, Zheng Wu, Xuanwu. Genbu is always listening, and is thus portrayed as completely versed in Buddha's teachings; corresponds to winter, cold, water, black, world, and faith. The tortoise is a symbol of long life and happiness. When information technology becomes 1 thousand years onetime, it is able to speak the language of humans. Able to foretell the futurity. In artwork, often shown together with the serpent. In Japan, the turtle's Buddhist counterpart is known as Tamonten, the most powerful of the Shitennō (Four Buddhist Protectors of the Four Directions). Tamonten is as well known as the Black Warrior and is too chosen Bishamonten; like the tortoise, his imagery corresponds to north, winter, blackness, and the element water. Says Derek Walters: "One of the Celestial Emblems, the symbol of longevity and wisdom. It is said that its shell represents the vault of the universe. A common symbol for longevity is the Tortoise and Snake, whose union was idea to take engendered the universe. The reason why tortoise symbolism has been superseded by the Black Warrior equally the emblem of the North, is probably due to the fact that 'tortoise' is a term of corruption in China." <end quote by Walters> Turtle as Term of Abuse in Communist china. In China, the term "turtle egg" is equivalent to calling someone a "bastard." The reasoning is simple. Turtles crawl out of the ocean, dig a pigsty in the sand, and with their backs to the pigsty, they lay their eggs. The turtle then pushes the sand back over the eggs and returns to the ocean. The eggs are left to fend for themselves. Furthermore, islanders can stand up behind the turtle as information technology lays its eggs and catch the eggs in their hands. The turtle does not even detect. The turtle fills the empty hole -- never once looking dorsum -- and returns to the ocean. Says Donald Mackenzie: "In China the tortoise had divine attributes. Tortoise shell is a symbol of unchangeability, and a symbol or rank when used for court girdles. The tortoise was also used for purposes of divination. A gigantic mythical tortoise is supposed, in the Far Due east, to live in the depths of the ocean. It has one center situated in the eye of its body. In one case every 3 thousand years it rises to the surface and turns over on its dorsum then that it may see the sunday."  <end quote Mackenzie> A turtle's shell (plastron) as well symbolizes a suit of armor, hence the turtle is also called the Black Warrior or Dark Warrior. The Dark Warrior represents the Northern Palace or northern constellations of the Chinese zodiac. Genbu'southward seven seishuku 星宿 (constellations) are: Tortoise and Snake Symbolism Below text courtesy Gabi Greve Tortoise and Ophidian 亀と蛇 In Chinese civilisation, especially under the influence of Taoism (道教) the tortoise is the symbol of heaven and globe, its beat out compared to the vaulted heaven and the underside to the flat disc of the earth. The tortoise was the hero of many ancient legends. It helped the Beginning Chinese Emperor to tame the Yellow River, then Shang-di rewarded the animal with a life span of Ten M Years. Thus the tortoise became a symbol for Long Life. It also stands for immutability and steadfastness. We often see stone grave steles on a rock tortoise or reliquaries continuing on it. The tortoise is also regarded as an immortal animate being. As there are no male person tortoise -- as the aboriginal believed -- the female person had to mate with a snake. Thus the tortoise embracing a serpent became the protector symbol of the north, but since the discussion "tortoise" was taboo in Chinese, it was referred to as the "dark warrior" (genbu 玄武 ) and finally became Zhenwu (in Chinese Taoism), one of the four protector gods of the four directions. The symbol of Zhenwu, the Protector God of the N, equally tortoise and serpent (or tortoise entwined by a serpent) dates back to the third century BC. For more on Taoism, run across this online catalog virtually "Taoism and the Arts of Prc." Tsurukame 鶴亀 - Tortoise and Crane The crane lives 1,000 years and the tortoise 10.000, says a Japanese proverb. Both animals are symbols of longevity. The connection between a tortoise and a crane as well dates back to China. The crane besides was a symbol of Long Life and too the symbol of the relationship of Father and Son according to the Confucian philosophy. Furthermore the crane is a symbol of wisdom. When a high-ranking Taoist priest died, it was said he was "turning into a crane." In Japanese Buddhist art, nosotros take a candle holder in the grade of a crane standing on a tortoise (tsurukame shokudai 鶴亀燭台). This kind of temple ornamentation was often used by the New Sect of the Pure Land (Jodo Shinshuu 浄土真宗). Unremarkably the crane was carrying a lotos flower with a long stalk in his rima oris and the flower was formed in a fashion to hold the candle. These types of illumination stands were produced since the Muromachi Period (1333 - 1573 AD). <end quote from Gabi Greve> Tomb with Turtle Trunk with Snake Head Tomb of Oe Hiromoto (in Kamakura; 1225 AD). Oe was Yoritomo Minamoto's historic counselor during the founding of the Kamakura Shogunate. He was a distinguished scholar credited with conceiving and organizing the Kamakura system. Some other nearby tomb, with similar turtle / snake blueprint, is that of Shimazu Tadahisa, the illegitimate son of Yoritomo. MORE ON THE BLACK WARRIOR The Chinese Night Lord of the North - Xuan Wu Below Text Courtesy of: The Online Journal of the I Ching, Yi Jing The Dark Lord of the North (Xuan Wu Da Di) is a deity that comes from the pre-history of shamanic times (c. 6000 BC). In relatively modern Chinese prehistory (c. 1200 BC) the Dark Lord has become the homo figure of a warrior with wild, unruly black pilus, dressed in the primitive clothing of  the tribal peoples of  Neolithic times. He is powerful and strong deity capable of powerful punishments and redemptive deliverance. He is oftentimes depicted as the blackness tortoise who rules over the direction North in Chinese cosmology. He is called " Xuan" for the color black and " Wu" meaning "tortoise. Prehistory: The Snake and the Tortoise The Dark Lord speaks to a more than ancient myth, that of the snake and the tortoise, in religious prehistory. Very ancient drawings of a black snake and tortoise together symbolize the Dark Lord. These reptilian creatures, the ophidian and tortoise, were probably themselves worshipped or were powerful medicine to aid in overcoming one's enemies. From Shang times onward, the flag bearing this symbol (snake and tortoise) was function of the male monarch'due south colour guard. In Neolithic prehistory the tortoise -- as well known as the somber warrior -- and snake together are the symbols or totems of a powerful shaman who fights evil against the demons of the Invisible World. According to ancient tradition, the blackness tortoise is yin; the snake yang. <end quote past Online Periodical of the I Ching> TURTLE PROVERB Quondam Chinese spelling; pronounced "kame" in Japan; means turtle. PROVERB: The rareness of meeting a Buddha is compared with the difficulty of a blind ocean-turtle finding a log to bladder on, or a i-eyed tortoise finding a log with a spy-hole through it." [from soothill] TURTLE IN EARLY India, BUDDHST LEGENDS, JATAKA Below text courtesy www.borobudur.tv/avadana_04.htm The story of the Historical Buddha'south birth as a tortoise (in his past lives, before becoming the Buddha) is featured in Indian reliefs of the first gallery balustrade, where a total of five panels present the culminating scenes from a story called the Kaccapavadana. In the Hindu scriptures, the great sage Kasyapa (Sanskrit for toroise) is the father of Aditya, the Sun. The solar nature of Kasyapa is particularly appropriate representation for a past life of the Sakyamuni, who was sometimes called the "Kinsman of the Sun" (Adityabandu). Republic of india, circa 191-195 AD  See world wide web.borobudur.tv set/avadana_04.htm Eye, Synonymous with Mainland china itself Tenkyoku (Chinese = Pangu, Pan Ku, P'an Ku). Associated with virtue of benignancy. The seishuku (constellations) are: Taishi Boshi Tei Boshi Shoshi Boshi Koukyuu Boshi Kyoku Boshi Shiho Boshi ???? P'an Ku Exerpt from "Chinese Mythology: An Encyclopedia of Myth and Legend" by Derek Walters, ISBN: 1855380803 The legendary architect of the universe. Oddly enough, the story of how P'an Ku created the universe is now so firmly established in Chinese folklore, it would be forgivable to assume that the story of P'an Ku was ane of China's earliest legends. Still, the bully philosopher Ssu-ma Ch'ien makes no mention of it, and in fact P'an Ku does not make his appearance until the quaternary century AD. The fable, ascribed to the castor of Ko Hung (Kung) is likely to take been a tale imported from Southeast Asia. It is highly unlikely that information technology would have been fabricated past a Taoist writer such as Ko Kung, because information technology would accept been 2nd-nature to an educated Chinese writer to introduce established characters of Chinese mythology, but none are present. The date of its composition may be even later, equally its first appearance may not exist earlier than the 11th century Wai Chi (Records of Strange Lands). The substance of the legend is that P'an Ku chiselled the universe for xviii thousand years, and every bit he chiselled, and so he grew himself, half-dozen feet every day. When his work was complete, his body became the substance of the universe: his head became the mountains, his breath the wind. From his eyes the sun and moon were made, while the stars were fabricated from his beard. His limbs became the four quarters, his blood the rivers, his flesh the soil, his hairs the trees and plants, his teeth and basic the rocks and minerals, and his sweat the rain. Finally, the lice on his body go the homo race. In People's republic of china, he holds the hammer and chisel with which he formed the universe, and is surrounded by the Four Creatures (tortoise, phoenix, dragon, and unicorn. <cease quote by Derek Walters >. Pangu (Chinese Adam) & the Four Mythical Creatures Text courtesy www.chinavoc.com/history/ancient/legend.htm China has a history longer than that of whatever other present day nation. Nosotros take enough of myths and legends. The first figure in our history is Pangu, regarded as the Chinese Adam past westerners. According to legend, in the showtime there was just darkness and chaos. Then an extremely large egg appeared. This vast egg was subjected to two opposing forces or principles. The interaction of the two forces -- yin, the passive or negative female principle, and yang, the active or positive male principle -- acquired the egg to produce Pangu, and the trounce to separate. The upper half of the vanquish formed the heaven, and the lower half the earth. Pangu has been depicted in many ways. He sometimes appears equally a dwarf with two horns on his head, clothed in skin or leaves. He may exist holding a hammer in i mitt and a chisel in the other, or maybe the symbol of yin and yang. He may also be shown holding the sun in i hand and the moon in the other. He is oftentimes depicted with his companions the four supernatural animals - the phoenix, the dragon, the unicorn and the tortoise. In whatsoever case, Pangu grew rapidly and increased his height past six to ten feet daily. He hammered and chiseled a massive piece of granite floating aimlessly in space, and every bit he worked, the heavens and the world became progressively wider. He labored ceaselessly for eighteen 1000 years and finally he separated heaven from earth. His trunk dissolved when his work was done. LEARN More 28 Constellations, 28 Moon Lodges, 28 Moon Stations This site. Learn more about each of the four quarters (north, south, east, due west) and the vii constellations in each grouping. All 28 represent points in the moon's monthly path, and each was deified. Chinese Mythology: Encyclopedia of Myth and Legend Past Derek Walters. A-to-Z format. Very useful resource, merely no Chinese linguistic communication characters are given, just English equivalents. Start published by The Aquarian Press, 1992. Pages = 191 pages. ISBN = 1855380803. China and Japan Myths and Legends past Donald A. Mackenzie. Publisher: Bracken Books (1986). ISBN: 1851700161 Star Charts & Moon Stations, by Steve Renshaw and Saori Ihara Detailed maps of the 28 Lunar Mansions. A very excellent resource. For other charts of the 28 Lunar Mansions, see www.sempai.org Takamatsu Zuka Tombs 高松塚 & Kitora Kofun Tombs An Aboriginal View of the Sky from a Tomb in Asuka, Nippon By Steve Renshaw and Saori Ihara http://www2.gol.com/users/stever/kitora.htm http://www2.gol.com/users/stever/asuka.htm http://www2.gol.com/users/stever/charts.htm Kelley L. Ross, Ph.D., Los Angeles Valley College www.friesian.com/elements.htm   (First-class review) Tsurukame -- Crane, Tortoise and Snake Symbolism Dr. Gabi Greve darumamuseum.blogspot.com/2010/02/tsurukame.html Dolores Kozielski Certified Feng Shui consultant who practices in NJ & PA. www.fengshuiwrite.com Wonderful Site for Textual Info on Buddhism campross.crosswinds.cyberspace/ShuteiMandala/4kings.html Four Animals, espeicially the KIRIN www.chartpak.com/pelikan/kirin_story.html Says Phoenix is Karura (which I believe is wrong) www.boadicea.internet/saintseiya/ikki/mythology.htm Astrology: More on Chinese Constellations & Calendar www.pp.htv.fi/ivilkki/Chinese_Calendar_and_Astrology.html Modern reproductions of sometime Chinese imagery. Photo from this Japanese eStore. Modern Artwork of the Four. Photo courtesy daiwagroup.com/fengshui/ SHITENNŌ. Lit. = Iv Heavenly Kings (Buddhist) Four guardians of the 4 compass directions in Buddhism. Associated closely with China's Five Element Theory. The four angelic emblems (dragon, blood-red bird, tiger, turtle) can be associated with the iconography of the Shitennō, who as well guard the iv cardinal directions. Four Shitennō, Horyuji (Hōryūji) Temple 法隆寺, Nara Mid-7th Century. Oldest extant set of the four. Kōmokuten 広目天, Zōchōten 増長天, Tamonten 多門天, Jikokuten 持国天 Painted Wood, Each Statue Approx. 133.five cm in Height Photos from Comprehensive Dictionary of Nippon's Nat'fifty Treasures 国宝大事典 (西川 杏太郎. ISBN 4-06-187822-0. ū  ā ō Ō Ū

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